Exercising Strategy: Never Having to Say ‘You Never Know Essay

A highly educated executive was hired on the spot without background checks. Later it was discovered he had served time in prison for attempted murder. Statistics from a company specializing in background checks shows that in 2000, 39% of the 70 background checks they performed would preclude employment offers. But due to labor shortages companies hire without backgrounds checks. Another company hastily hired a CEO without backgrounds and once his true identity was discovered he was fired. However, the venture-capital deal fell through and when the technology sector took a nose dive they laid off one third of its force. 1.People applying for jobs are always motivated to display themselves in the best light and as a result this can sometimes lead to inaccurate portrayals of abilities, skills, experiences, and personality. Based upon what you have read in this chapter how should you approach a job applicant’s written application and resume if your goal is to make sure that they accurately reflect the person’s past experiences and accomplishments? The approach to verify accuracy in the resume and the application begins with the standard selection process. Performing a prescreening phone interview, human resources would fact find and clearing up any questions on the resume. With candidate’s consent a background and reference check can be attained. The type of position would determine the testing that is used as well as the effectiveness of the selection standard; reliability, validity, generalizability, utility, and legality. There are several tests used for each position; physical ability, cognitive ability, personality inventories, drug testing, and work samples. These criterions are scored and each candidate’s situational interview would involve several trained interviewers. This standardized selection process allows for a better chance to bring in the best people and in return help make the company have  a competitive advantage (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright, 2010). Another approach is the internal and external recruiting where there is knowledge of the candidate’s history. An internal recruitment offers the hiring manager access to the employee’s file. Then there’s classmate Denise DeRosa’s discussion post on the Superintendent that â€Å"hired two additional external applicants† who he had known. We can infer that he knew the history of both candidate’s past experiences and accomplishments (DeRosa, 2014). 2.And the face-to-face interview process what steps can be taken to assure that the applicant is being frank and honest with you and what steps should you take if you feel that he or she is portraying in an accurate picture of himself or herself? We start with the structured interview using multiple trained interviewers from operations that use a standard system to take notes. We partner the work-sample and the structured interview for a more accurate picture. There are two broad standardized categories of the structured interviews; evaluation and content (Campion, Palmer, & Campion, 1997). The rating from each interviewer should be a part of a shared goal which will be based on observable behaviors or knowledge. The situational interview style will offer insight on experience-based and future-oriented, which looks at reactions in different circumstances. These situational interview questions deal with motivating employees, resolving conflict, and overcoming resistance to change (Latham, Saari, Purcell, & Campion, 1980 pp. 422-427). The authors say, â€Å"Situational interviews can be particularly effective when assessing sensitivity issues dealing with the honesty and integrity of candidates† (Noe et al., 2010 p. 249). However, some authors suggest behavioral interviews, which are based on a person’s past performance on the job is the best predictor of future performance, are more effective than in situational interviews (Levashina & Campion, 2007). When job candidates portray an in accurate picture of themselves employers can perform searches on the internet and see if the candidate’s web presence matches the messaging of the candidate. The authors suggest â€Å"the content the person’s digital identity may be at odds with the image or corporate culture that is  being promoted by the organization† (Noe et al., 2010 p. 250). Second, employers can ask for a large reference list of people and call those people on the phone whereas they might speak with candor. Much has been wr itten on reading body language during interviews to identify candidates not telling the truth. There are some employers that request a drug testing. Another method is requesting elaboration on responses or details on projects or goals which puts the candidate on the spot. 3. Beyond the traditional approaches of going over the application conducting face-to-face interviews what other steps can you as an employer take to ensure that the person who is being hired for the job has the right abilities skills past experiences and personality? There are other steps beyond the traditional approaches which can validate the person who is being hired for the job has the â€Å"right stuff† to be effective in the position they are hired in. Depending on the industry or type of the position the steps will vary. The puzzle interview, which has been used mostly by technology companies, typically provides the candidate with a written problem that needs to be solved. The puzzle interview question provides the employer insight on how the candidate will solves problems in unusual situations (Honer, Wright, & Sablynski, 2007). The use of social media like LinkedIn and Facebook has been used by employers to verify information on job applicants. There are employers determining employee value using web based software, which is a useful tool for data mining and combing through massive amounts of information (Noe et al., 2010, p. 242). But there could be information on the web page that should not be used nor consider when selecting candidates to hire; such as pregnancy, race, or weight (Grasz, 2009). Human resources must be cautious of this potential bias and the legal implications. There will be varying methods and steps utilized by hiring managers when selecting job candidates to ensure the person hired has the skills and experiences to do the job. References: Campion, M. A., Palmer, D. A., Campion, J. E. (1997). A review of structure in the selection interview. Personnel Psychology, 50, 655–702 DeRosa, D. (2014) Discussion Forum 3: Denise DeRosa, TESC, April 15, 2014 Grasz, J. (2009). â€Å"Forty-five percent of employers use social networking sites to research job candidates, CareerBuilder survey finds: Career expert provides dos and don’ts for job seekers on social networking†. Honer, J., Wright, C. W., & Sablynski, C. J. (2007). â€Å"Puzzle interviews: What are they and what do the measure? Applied H.R.M. Research, 11, 79–96† Latham, G. P., Saari, L. M., Pursell, E. D., & Campion, M. A. (1980). The situational interview. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 422–427 Levashina, J. & Campion, M.A. (2007). Measuring faking in the employment interview: Development and validation of an Interview Faking Behavior Scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1638–1656.

Discuss the Distinction Between a Fundamental and a Subordinate Moral Principle

Discuss the distinction between a fundamental and a subordinate moral principle using the utilitarian theory as an example. A fundamental moral principle is a moral principle which is the ultimate basis for evaluating the rightness or wrongness of all acts. It is the ultimate and final reason in itself. It is the intrinsic value of the moral principle itself, not that it appeals to other moral principle or justified by other reasons, that makes it the fundamental moral principle.The absolutist nature of a fundamental moral principle is such that it can be applied to all acts, real or imaginary. A subordinate moral principle, on the other hand, is a moral principle which is justified by appealing to other moral principles. That is to say, its relevance and applicability in any situation is dependent on its ability to fulfill other moral principles. Therefore, it can only be applied selectively, to situations whereby the subordinate moral principle can help to fulfill other moral princ iples.Within the context of the utilitarian theory, a utilitarian would evaluate all acts based on whether, as quoted from John Stuart Mill, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. † In other words, maximizing happiness is the fundamental moral principle of a utilitarian as a utilitarian will evaluate all acts of its rightness or wrongness based on whether it maximizes happiness and not by any other yardstick.A non-utilitarian, on the other hand, does not hold the same fundamental moral principle of maximizing happiness. A non-utilitarian can be moral absolutist, a moderate non-utilitarian with several other moral principles. In this essay, I shall use fantastic examples to help distinguish a fundamental moral principle from a subordinate moral principle as fantastic examples w ill help to eliminate variables, remove uncertainties and to limit the scope of the examples so that it will best highlight the difference between a fundamental moral principle and a subordinate moral principle.For instance, if not telling a lie would maximize happiness, both the non-utilitarian and the utilitarian will choose not to lie. The non-utilitarian will choose not to lie because he or she believes that it is morally wrong to lie, that it is intrinsically wrong to lie. The utilitarian will choose to adopt the same course of action not because he or she has subscribed to the view that telling lies is intrinsically wrong, but because not telling lies will maximize happiness.Therefore, the utilitarian chooses to adopt the principle that telling lies is wrong is chosen because in this specific scenario, not telling lies maximizes happiness and not because there is a specific utilitarian rule that not telling lies is always preferable. It is hence a subordinate principle as the reason it is adopted is not due to its own merits or its intrinsic value, but due to its ability to achieve the fundamental overarching moral principle of utilitarianism. However, if telling lies would maximize happiness, a utilitarian would choose to do so.The fundamental moral principle behind choosing to tell a lie would be because it maximizes happiness and the moral principle that telling lies is morally wrong will be ditched as it is no longer justified. The subordinate moral principle, that telling lies is wrong, is no longer useful in fulfilling the fundamental moral principle, which is to maximize happiness. For example, when deciding to take away the life of someone, a non-utilitarian, will decide not to do so as it is intrinsically wrong to take away the life of another person.A utilitarian will not consider the morality of taking away the life of another person but only consider if the act will maximize happiness or not. If, as on most occasions, taking away the life of someone does not maximize happiness and instead create immense pain and suffering on the victim’s loved ones and family members who depend upon the victim for a living, what would a utilitarian choose to do? A utilitarian will choose not to do so, just as the non-utilitarian will, not because it is intrinsically wrong to do so, but because it maximizes happiness.Hence, the moral principle of not taking away the life of someone is a subordinate principle as the reason it is adopted is not due to its own merits or its intrinsic value, but due to its ability to achieve the fundamental overarching moral principle of utilitarianism. Consider the situation where an elderly man is under immense pain from an incurable disease and is rendered paralyzed by the disease. His family members are under a lot of stress trying to take good care of him and, observing the overwhelming agony he suffers, are under a lot of pain.Both the elderly man and his family members beg the doctor to euthani ze him, to take away his life. Doing so would relieve him and his family members from a lot of pain and stress. In such a situation, what would a utilitarian doctor choose to do? The utilitarian will choose to take away the life of that elderly person because it will maximize happiness. The moral principle that taking away the life of another person is wrong will be ditched as it is no longer justified in that it no longer fulfills the fundamental moral principle, which is to maximize happiness.That particular moral principle that taking away the life of another person is wrong is therefore a subordinate moral principle as its relevance and applicability is based on its ability to fulfill the fundamental moral principle, and when it fails to do so, it is cast aside and no longer taken into consideration. In essence, the fundamental moral principle is a moral principle which one adheres to in all circumstances whereas the applicability and relevance of a subordinate moral principle i s dependent on its ability to fulfill the fundamental moral principle.If the subordinate moral principle no longer fulfills the fundamental moral principle, as demonstrated by the examples of white lie and euthanasia, it will be ditched. By using such fantastic examples to help strip down a person’s principles to the barest forms, the fundamental over-arching moral principles one holds can be easily identified and differentiated from one’s subordinate moral principles.

Controlling Organized Crime Paper - 1206 Words

Controlling Organized Crime Tina Martin-Fleming CJA/384 February 19, 2015 Charles Davis Organized crime groups have been around since the 1900’s. The mafia who came from Italy and other countries to the United States started their business and became a nuisance over a period. The mob became a problem for society with their illegal activities such as gambling, racketeering and prostitution that includes other violent behaviors. The mafia was famous for manipulating individuals with their power and greed. These organized crime units became so popular that it took a group of FBI special agents and special trained police officers to shut down the most powerful and notorious organized crime units. This paper will provide†¦show more content†¦One solution in preventing organized crime will be to charge all persons involved in illegal activities. To bring these people to justice and made an example. These individuals should face hard time for their illegal activities. Providing harsher sentences will deter individuals from joining these organized groups, or gangs are to show these individuals that they can and will be punished for their crimes. Bring more police power to high crime areas could also eliminate the initiation of these groups. Educating individuals on the importance of how not to join these groups could put trust back into the community. Provide more job training and alternative actions when they fear intimidation of joining these groups. Police officers should have extensive training that teaches how to conduct productive investigations could also eliminate criminal acts. Organized crime consists of members of a group who carry out criminal acts to gain profit and power. This action could include murder, abuse and intimidation among their members. The use of violence prevents members within a neighborhood or the group to come forward; this makes it hard to bring the organizers to justice. Organized crime groups and gangs act under some of the same structures that make it hard to distinguish if they areShow MoreRelatedControlling Organized Crime Paper1163 Words   |  5 PagesControlling Organized Crime Paper CJA/ 384 August 19, 2013 Controlling Organized Crime Paper Organized crime is an issue that has existed for many years and continues to be on the rise especially with the technology that we have today. Well – known criminal organizations include; Italian Mafia, Russian Mobsters, Nuestra Familia, Mexican Mafia, The Hell’s Angels, The Bandidos, John Gotti, Al Capone, and so much more. One of the most famous criminal organizations are the Gambino Family inRead MoreControlling Organized Crime1200 Words   |  5 PagesControlling Organize Crime Paper Louis Pierre CJA/384 May 6, 2013 University of phoenix Professor: Glen Winters Controlling Organize Crime Paper Organize crime is a conspiratorial activity involving the coordination of numerous people in the planning and execution of illegal acts or in the pursuit of a legitimate objective by unlawful means, for example, threatening a legitimate business to get stake in it. However, organize crime involves continuous commitment by primary members, althoughRead MoreImproving Law Enforcements Approach to Combating Organized Crime1302 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Organized crime involves a group of people made up of several ethnicities and international unions, who coordinate as well as work in unison, apart, or in line with legal enterprises alongside political realms. Many analysts have concurred that organized crime is both an impediment to academic projects and a realistic social issue that obligates urgent solution. Strategies implemented to limit organized crime often tend to be inclined towards one form of the two approaches. One of theRead MoreControlling Organized Crime1363 Words   |  6 PagesControlling Organized Crime CJA384 Controlling Organized Crime Since the 1990’s, organized crime has become a problem among U.S. citizens. The Mafia was the earliest group to show its strengths of power and manipulation among citizens and business of New York City. From the time of the Mafia’s rise, other criminal organizations have surfaced using their power to corrupt personal within business for the gain of finance and political strength. In today society, one of the main question whenRead MoreEssay on Controlling Organized Crime1564 Words   |  7 PagesControlling Organized Crime CJA/393 Criminal Organizations June 1, 2010 Controlling Organized Crime In this paper, I will identify the problems presented and the various relationships established by organized crime. I will also describe the legal limitations associated with combating organized crime, and include a critique of major federal laws and strategies that support this effort. Lastly, I will suggest a solution to control organized crime by discussing and evaluating the effectivenessRead MoreGlobal Crime Analysis1134 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Crimes Analysis University of Phoenix Cynthia Butler CJA/394 April 16, 2012 This paper will identify the various major global crimes and criminal issues that affect national and international criminal justice systems and processes. In addition, there will be a comparison and contrast of the different criminal justice systems and how they have addressed major global crimes and criminal issues. Global crime is an issue that threatens the safety andRead MoreEssay on La Cosa Nostra1240 Words   |  5 Pagesman’s bed. It is this tradition and brutality that characterizes the Mafia, a secret Sicilian society that lives and functions just as much today on American soil as it did and does still in Italy. To understand this organized crime, one must begin to understand how it came to be organized in the first place. During the medieval times in Sicily, Arabs invaded the land and native Sicilians fled and took refuge in the hills. Some of these refugees formed a secret society that gave protection to the peopleRead MoreSir Robert Peel Paper920 Words   |  4 Pageshas evolved overtime; in this paper I will describe the impact of Sir Robert Peel on the evolution of policing and its history. Sir Robert Peel Paper Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850) updated Englands criminal code. He established the first modern police force in London, whose members were nicknamed after him bobbies. Sir Robert Peel wanted a police force that would provide citizens with â€Å"the full and complete protection of the law†andâ€Å"check the increase of crime.† Sir Robert Peel pushed throughRead MoreEnglish Heritage in Policing945 Words   |  4 PagesIvon Martinez What is our English Heritage in policing? Paper CJA/214 Intro to Police Theory amp; Practices Rudy Pichardo November 30, 2011 The American system of law and criminal justice was borrowed from the English. The first references to an English criminal justice or law enforcement system appeared some 1,000 years earlier than Sir Robert Peel established the first English police department in 1829. England’s King Alfred the Great was preparing his Kingdom for a Danish invasion;Read MoreMarijuana Decriminalization Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagesindustry have missed the opportunity to capitalize on marijuana and hemp. Also, this law has impeded the Canadian public’s right to use marijuana to alleviate suffering and to treat illness, and it has subjected Canadians citizens to an element of organized crime. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Initially, before marijuana criminalization, Canadians had no major social issues relating to marijuana that required government intervention. Canadians did use marijuana to achieve a â€Å"high†, but then again people

Police Corruption - 968 Words

There is much seriousness about the issue of white-collar crime. What is white-collar crime you may ask. White-collar is defined as, ‘a generic term for crimes involving commercial fraud, cheating consumers, swindles, insider trading on the stock market, embezzlement and other forms of dishonest business schemes. The term comes from the out of date assumption that business executives wear white shirts and ties. It also theoretically distinguishes these crimes and criminals from physical crimes, supposedly likely to be committed by blue collar workers.† Many people do not realize how serious white-collar crime is. There are many different forms of white-collar crime, our textbook states, â€Å"white-collar or economic crime includes (1)†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It isn t hard to explain the growth of corruption. Relative to other opportunities, legitimate or illegitimate, the financial temptations are enormous. Many police officers are demoralized by the scop e of drug trafficking. No matter how diligent an officer may be eradication programs and millions of arrests have done little to stop drugs which are now cheaper, purer, and more available than ever. Given the dangers of their job, the indifference of many citizens and the frequent lack of appreciation are no doubt disheartening. Some police also recognize that their real function is not so much to protect victims from predators but to regulate an illicit market that can t be suppressed and that much of society prefers to keep underground.† Many individuals do not realize how serious and how often this happens in law enforcement departments and how many officers get away with corruption and how much it dishonors their departments. This is why I believe police corruption is the most dangerous form of white-collar crime. As I previously stated, I believe it is important for a community to feel safe and confident in their enforcement officers. So, the corruption of officers will and could cause very serious problems in a community. If the police, the authority of the community are involved in crime then why would the community is going to be involved also. Work Cited 1.Show MoreRelatedThe Corruption Of Police Corruption1484 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerning police officers, police corruption has become a major topic. Police officers seem to be making more questionable and unethical decisions according to the media. With these questionable actions, the idea that police officers are corrupt has been a steadily growing opinion. I will be focusing this literature review on the history of police corruption, mostly in major cities/countries; the nature of police corruption; the ethics involved in law enforcement; causes for police corruption and finallyRead MorePolice Corruption969 Words   |  4 PagesPolice Corruption Second Essay for AJ 101 Krystal Lamas Victor Valley Community College Author Note This paper was prepared for AJ 101 for Mr. Ronald M. Field .M.A. Abstract Police corruption is a complex issue. Police corruption or the abuse of authority by a police officer, acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants, is a growing problem in the United States today. Things such as an Internal Affairs department, a strong leadership organization, and community support are justRead MorePolice corruption770 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition of Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial gain, other personal gain, or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. One common form of police corruption is taking bribes in exchange for not reporting organized drug or prostitution rings or other illegal activities. Another example is police officers misusing the police code of conductRead MorePolice Corruption3338 Words   |  14 PagesAnalysis of Police Corruption Police corruption is a complex phenomenon, which does not readily submit to simple analysis. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers. Since its beginnings, may aspects of policing have changed; however, one aspect that has remained relatively unchanged is the existence of corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication on any given day will have an articleRead MorePolice Corruption9501 Words   |  39 PagesPolice Corruption: A Perspective View Into the Definition, Cause, Harm Randy Botelho BSLS Capstone, LS498-01 – Unit 9 Professor Odim December 17, 2011 Thesis Statement Corruption in law enforcement is not victimless and creates a negative perception of the United States legal system. Introduction There are few professions in the United States that are entrusted with protecting society’s safety and system of laws that have been established throughout the course of AmericanRead MorePolice Corruption2291 Words   |  10 Pagesand discretion in police work produces great potential for abuse. Police corruption has been a problem in American society since the early days of policing. An ancient natural tendency of human beings is to attempt to placate or win over those in positions of authority over them. This tendency is complicated in today’s materialistic society by greed and by the personal and financial benefit to be derived from evading law. The temptations toward illegality offered to police range from freeRead MorePolice Corruption in Russia1430 Words   |  6 PagesPolice corruption is defined as when police, in exercising or failing to exercise their authority act with primary intention of furthering private or departmental / division advantage. Police corruption is a big problem all around the world especially in Russia. The Russian citizens have always been on alert when it comes to the police because of the bad laws, failure of knowing there right as citizens, and sticking up for there themselves. Russia is 133rd country out of 176 in the corruption perceptionRead MorePolice Corruption2879 Words   |  12 PagesStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy corruption is defined as the abuse of power by a public official for private gain. Police corruption is the abuse of power by a police officer for their own personal gain. Police officers become corrupt mainly for monetary gain because most feel that police officers do not make enough money and they want to make more. Police corruption can be costly to society and it can even violate the rights of society. Police corruption can show favoritism to some and unfairnessRead More Police Corruption in America2871 Words   |  12 Pages Police Corruption in America The missions statement of police agencies usually highlight with pride the maintenance, promotion, and protection of peace, order, safety, and justified law enforcement in communities and the entire nation. Police officers are agents meant to bust crimes and get the bad guys. The police agency that the public use to lean on as the legitimate authority figure to come to the rescue however has created conflicting public perception. The misconduct of some policeRead MoreEssay on Police and Corruption1393 Words   |  6 PagesPolice and Corruption The police. Twenty-four hours a day, three hundred sixty-five days a year, this division of our government has a mandate to enforce the criminal law and preserve public peace. Understood in this mandate is an obligation to police everyday life matters that originate in the daily lives and activities of citizens within their community. Police interact in some form with the average citizen more often than any other government official. In society today the police play

Malaysias Alternative Strategy Essay examples - 1946 Words

[MALAYSIA’S ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY] Introduction The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis drew attention to just how fragile our global economic system can become either when overexposed to foreign market intervention, or when underperformance remains unchecked. Prior to June 1997, The Republic of Korea encountered issues as 10 of its 30 top performing chaebol (Conglomerate) collapsed underneath debt which far exceeded their respective equities. Korean steel production giant Hanbo faced additional stress after amassing a $4.39 billion debt for one new steel mill. Kia Motors fell due to accruing almost $2.1 billion in loans that was awarded on the basis of â€Å"need,† as opposed to independent judgment of credit and cash flow determined by the†¦show more content†¦On 2 July 1997 Thailand had $2,850 billion remaining in international reserves and could no longer protect the baht. That day Marakanond decided to float the baht. Asian Financial Crisis – Neighboring Countries Neighbor South Korea dealt with economic uncertainty leading up to the 1997 currency crisis which plagued Thailand. South Korean chaebols or conglomerates were recording record debt levels between 1996 and 1997. Banking policies enacted by President, or Dictator, Park during the late 80’s constructed an economic environment whereby loans to chaebols were issued on the basis of company need, as opposed to individual judgment on part of the loan issuing authority. In more succinct terms, nationalized banks issues loans to chaebols without verifying whether the company could pay the loan bank, or whether the interest rates were reasonable, or even whether the company’s venture had enough collateral to back it up. In essence, chaebols were tasked with repaying loans that they might not have the appropriate level of capital for. Therefore, on the eve of the Asian Financial Crisis, chaebols such as Hanbo Steel, and others, were closing their doors due to debt burdens incurred without a proper foundation for capital generation. Neighbors to the South, Indonesia and others, suffered from currency, stock, and equity collapses, rather than tangible asset collapse. The currencies of Indonesia, Singapore, Hong Kong, and others, took massive hits fromShow MoreRelatedKfc Executive Summary Introduction701 Words   |  3 Pageslarge number of them have become more health conscious. This has opened the door for KFC’s main competitors, such as McDonald’s, to come out with a new range of healthier products, allowing them to mount a greater challenge on KFC Malaysia’s current position as Malaysia’s leading fast food operator. As a response to the advancement made by KFC’s competitors in providing healthier fast food, KFC are to introduce a new set of healthier products that would be mainly targeted at health conscious peopleRead MoreKfc Marketing Research3765 Words   |  16 Pageslarge number of them have become more health conscious. This has opened the door for KFC’s main competitors, such as McDonald’s, to come out with a new range of healthier products, allowing them to mount a greater challenge on KFC Malaysia’s current position as Malaysia’s leading fast food operator. As a response to the advancement made by KFC’s competitors in providing healthier fast food, KFC are to introduce a new set of healthier products that would be mainly targeted at health conscious peopleRead MoreThe Harvest Box Is An Australian Organic Foods Retailer1649 Words   |  7 Pagesreflected in a mere Current Account Balance of A$262M (CEIC, 2016). 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Accounting Theory with Reference to Synergiz’s Research Publication

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory with Reference to Synergizs Research Publication. Answer: Introduction The study is particularly based on a research publication of Synergiz, wherein the financial impacts of the responses of BP P.L.C regarding the oil spill is evaluated. BP is a global energy (gas and oil) company, which operations in the deserts, deep seas as well as retail stations. It provides power and fuel for the purpose of mobility, heat and light to the customers across the world (BP, 2017). The selected article incorporates approaches related to damage valuation and its comparison with the relevantaccounting and reporting needs for better reliability (Houdet Germaneau, 2011). Thus, the objective of this report is to evaluate the responses with respect to the interest theory along with analyzing the role of the regulators or politicians. Furthermore, the motivation of the politicians and regulators are also critically scrutinized, in addition to the consideration of related events of such oil spills in the recent scenario and their impacts. Discussion Interest Theory with Respect to the Article The interest theory under the umbrella of public consist rules and regulations, which were used for the benefits and protection of the public in general (Hantke-Domas, 2003). As per the theory of Government, public interest model integrated voting in the process of decision-making by the authorities. According to which there are three public sectors and public goods such as legal institutions, national defense, welfare, education and services (fire and water protection, sewage disposals). Another sector is economic regulation, which involves economic market regulations including environmental and social regulations on the issues such as child labor, animal cruelty, public decency and working conditions. Particularly, environmental regulations covered the rights of public property (Maloney, 2001). Furthermore, with respect to the Public Interest Theory of the article, the oil spill in the deep water horizon caused significant damage that affected the public directly and indirectly. . This is also termed as BP Oil Spill in the marine ecosystem, and is also is known as the largest oil spill in the entire history of US. This was a matter of great concern and has become one of the most popular topics for debates due to its high intensity and level of damage to the marine environment. BP was the key developer of the particular oil field in which the accident had occurred, for which it was held responsible along with Transocean Ltd and Halliburton, who were constructing and operating in the oil field. Subsequently, BP had to bear cleanup costs as per the regulations of the public interest theory (Houdet Germaneau, 2011). As per the regulations of interest theory of public, the political leaders played a significant role in regulating this theory. Not only in the financial crisis but also in this great concern of oil spill, the politicians encouraged these regulations. This helped in protecting the American values and norms relating to the human health, economic stability and environment safety. In addition, their contribution to make a better energy policy was also found to be prominent. Thus, for regulating the operations of precautionary principles, BP took unnecessary risks in their further activities (Flournoy, Andreen, Bratspies, Doremus, Flatt, Glicksman, Mintz, Rohlf, Sinden, Steinzor, Tomain, Zellmer Goodwin, 2010). The motivation of political regulators was also important because of the fact it was affecting the environment, polluting the ecosystem. The oil spill thereby had long lasting effects, even after of the occurrence of the event. Therefore, the political pressure ensured better env ironmental disclosures by the organizations to the public in order to address such problems in future. In addition, it also focused on creating plans for disasters, which would comply with the theory of disclosures regarding the environment. It was not only the political leaders, but also various agencies were regulating these activities of protection after this massive oil spill, which resulted in enhancing the environmental risks in the minds of the investors as well as general public (Heflin Wallace, 2017). Thus, it can be opined that they were specifically concerned about the health issues that were evident after the spill, which was affecting the public. This factor was thus considered as one of the most essential factors that led the politicians as well as the regulators to implements these regulations. Responding to the Article with Arguments As per the article, there are various arguments that will be highlighted in this section of the study. It was observed that there was a significant need for adequate environmental reporting andaccounting with more reliability post oil spill, which was viewed to be a positive aspect.. However, there are some criticisms that it had not disclosed any details relating to the social and ecosystem damage. In addition, it did not display the underlying calculations and methodologies for its pre-tax charges, which accounted for US$40.9 billion. On the other hand, adequate information could have been utilized to calculate the global costs of such incidents. Another drawback was that the temporary impairment of the ecosystem assets and values were also missing. Therefore, it can be stated that the limited disclosure of BP restricted the stakeholders to understand the actual scenario of the implications of the oil spill in the context of environmental, social and financial aspects (Houdet Germ aneau, 2011). In the contrary, BP made regular claims of its efforts for global warming and related issues before the occurrence of the incident. It further highlighted its achievement for winning Best Greenwash award for the efforts of investing in the renewable energy. These efforts enhanced its social as well as environmental performance (Lyon Maxwell, 2006). However, the damage that it had caused with oil spill incident created a negative impression. Hence, it can be opined that non-disclosure of certain facts and figures post incident was considered to be misleading the public along with its investors and shareholders. Corresponding to the financial disclosures, it can be argued that BP provided the information for green washing rather than accountability and reliability. With respect to all the damages it had resulted in loss of resources and imbalance of the ecosystem, accounted for US $40.9 billion relating to the recovery from the disaster. Thus, corporate reporting was observed to be inadequate in its annual report with respect to the disclosures of information, also failed to reveal the actual loss, which did not comply with anyaccounting standard and accounting systems. This created dissatisfaction among the public and misguided proper environmental accounting from the viewpoint of shareholders and investors (Azad, 2017). However, according to Ismail (2017), there were various companies that had implemented policies, which helped in balancing the economic and social responsibility performances. This was done as a response to the various incidents of oil spills such as the Deepwater Horizon i n 2010, which raised several criticisms regarding the methods of extractions. This was often considered to be risky for the business. As a result of which various companies enhanced their accounting, financial and environmental reporting methods and standards (Ismail, 2017; Babcock, 2012). Recent Events In the recent context, various oil spill events were evident apart from the largest oil spill in the history that is the BP oil spill. Few of them were oil spill in Nigeria in 2010 in which 95,500 tons of oils was spilled in Niger Delta, which is depicted in Figure 1 below. Similar event was also observed in China in the same year with 90,000 tons of wastage. In addition, Venezuela in 2012, also suffered the incident, wherein it resulted 41,000 tons of oil was spilled (Figure 1) (Ismail, 2017). Figure 1: Major Oil Spills since Last Four Decades (Source: Ismail, 2017) It can be interpreted that irrespective of the fact, the recent the volume of oil spill all over the world has been low. However, in the year 2010, oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico was considered as one of the largest oil spills (ABC, 2010). Subsequently, there were two other oil spills incidents in 2010, which was followed by the most recent oil spill in 2012... According to Roser (n.d.), the large and medium sized oil spills have decreased in the recent years. However, between the years 1970-2016, tanker oil spill incidents have resulted in the wastage of 5.73 million tons of oil (Roser, n.d.). Chemical and oil spills in the waters right from collisions to accidents while fuel transfer or explosions as in the BP oil spill have occurred almost every year (NOAA, 2017). Another incident similar to oil spill events were pipeline spills especially in US. It was estimated that nearly 700 barrels of crude oil was spilled from pipelines particularly in North Dakota (RT, 2016). Another exam ple of such incidents was Greek oil spills, which created threats to the marine ecosystem, which was a result of a sunken tanker spill (Euronews, 2017). Additionally, the adverse effects of the Gulf oil spill was evident in the follow up plan in which the workers, who were carrying out clean-up activities were facing health issues (NIH, 2017). Conclusion It can be concluded that irrespective of the facts, the amount of oil spills in the recent years have significantly decreased. However, the adverse effects of already occurred events have not been totally eradicated. In addition, not only human beings but the natural environment and ecosystem as a whole have been massively affected by these disasters, small or big. Thus, it is necessary to have better plans for avoiding such incidents and come up with solutions against the adverse effects. It is therefore the responsibility of the production companies such as BP to have a sense of corporate social responsibility. In addition, it is essential for these companies to provide detailed accounting and financial reports. This would not only make them prepared for such events, but also build trust among the public, so that they can attract more shareholders and investors. Therefore, all the disclosures should be made by the companies irrespective of the intensity of the disasters. So , it wo uld be easier for the government and administrative authorities to take necessary decisions in making and amending accounting and financing policies. References ABC, 2010, Timeline: 20 years of major oil spills, ABC News, viewed 21 September 2017, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-05-03/timeline-20-years-of-major-oil-spills/419898. Azad, M, 2017, BP's financial disclosure is greenwashing rather than accountability, Academia, viewed 21 September 2017, https://www.academia.edu/3498045/BPs_financial_disclosure_is_greenwashing_rather_than_accountability Babcock, H. M, 2012, A risky business: Generation of nuclear power and deepwater drilling for offshore oil and gas, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 63-149. BP, 2017, About BP, BP P.L.C., viewed 21 September 2017,https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp.html Euronews 2017, Greek oil spill spreads: fears grow for marine life, World, viewed 21 September 2017, https://www.euronews.com/2017/09/14/greek-oil-spill-spreads-fears-grow-for-marine-life Flournoy, A, Andreen, W.L, Bratspies, R.M, Doremus, H, Flatt, V.B, Glicksman, R.L, Mintz, J.A, Rohlf, D, Sinden, A, Steinzor, R.I , Tomain, J.P, Zellmer, S Goodwin, J, 2010, Regulatory blowout: How regulatory failures made the BP disaster possible, and how the system can be fixed to avoid a recurrence, Center for Progressive Reform,viewed 21 September 2017, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/06t9s399#page-2 Hantke-Domas, M, 2003, The public interest theory of regulation: Non-Existence or misinterpretation?, European Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 15, pp. 165-194. Heflin, F Wallace, D, 2017, The BP oil spill: Shareholder wealth effects and environmental disclosures, Journal of Business Finance Accounting, vol. 44, no. (3-4), pp. 337-374. Houdet, J Germaneau, C, 2011, The financial impacts of BPs response to the deepwater horizon oil spill, Synergiz Case study 2011-01, pp. 1-5. Ismail, A. H, 2017, Oil and gas companies adopting policies aimed at balancing economic performance with social responsibilities, Environmental Accounting and Reporting, viewed 21 September 2017, https://www.ogfj.com/articles/print/volume-14/issue-3/features/environmental-accounting-and-reporting.html Lyon, T. P Maxwell, J W, 2011, Greenwash: corporate environmental disclosure under threat of audit, Journal of Economics Management Strategy, vol. 20, no. 1, pp.3-41. Maloney, M. T, 2001, 19. The theory of government, A Study In Property Right, pp. 1-5. NIH, 2017, Gulf spill oil dispersants associated with health symptoms in cleanup workers, News Releases, viewed 21 September 2017, https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/gulf-spill-oil-dispersants-associated-health-symptoms-cleanup-workers NOAA 2017, Oil and chemical spills, National Ocean Service, viewed 21 September 2017, https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/spills/ Roser, M, No Date, Oil spills, Our World in Data, viewed 21 September 2017, https://ourworldindata.org/oil-spills/ RT, 2016, Top 5 disasterous pipeline spills of 2016, Autonomous Nonprofit Organization, viewed 21 September 2017, https://www.rt.com/usa/371086-worst-pipeline-accidents-2016/

Meteorite or Puck Hunt Autonomous Mobile Robot

Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Meteorite or Puck Hunt: Autonomous Mobile Robot specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The creation of the autonomous mobile robot (AMB) project is the most important branch of the unit, HES 1305 ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS PROJECT 2. The plan, design, building, programming, testing, as well as debugging the different components of the project, would involve teams which consist of three members. The purpose of the autonomous mobile robot would be to travel through a maze while avoiding going over the wall of the maze. In addition, the AMB would also be required to look for certain types of â€Å"pucks or meteorites† that would be identified by their colours, in a mission, which is simulated, in Antarctica. As a result of the intricacies of the predicted settings, the AMB would be required to carry and place the meteorites or pucks in their respective base camps; they should not be thrown or rolled on the ground. In addition, the robots would not be allowed to get rid of unwanted pucks from the camps, or destroy other robots. The project is in fact a competition pitting different teams against one another. Each team would provide one robot in the competition area to collect as many meteorites and place them in the specified camps. The teachers and staff of Swinburne University provided all the sensors, LEGO parts, software, and actuators. The Method Of Design Design Philosophy One vital building block of artificial intelligence involves creation of a robot that has the ability to function under diverse and indeterminate environments, while under partial supervision. The Development of the Design Being the first time that we are taking part in this type of competition, we decide to work out a plan that would help us develop the autonomous mobile robot in the given surroundings.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if w e can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The most important part of the design involved coming up with a solution that would help the robot grab and flip over the meteorite or puck. After that, we had to go backwards with the intention of building a structure that could support all the equipment, actuators, and sensors, in order to produce a practical robot in the contest atmosphere. Design Process Hardware Part – (Name of Team member who handled this part) Handy board Autonomous robot control is usually attained by means of a Handy Board [Martin 2001]. The Handy Board was found to be a battery-powered and hand-held microcontroller board. It was perfect for both educational and personal robotics projects. It was based on the structure and functions of the Motorola 68HC11 microprocessor. Figure I The Handy Board contained the following parts: Processor: Motorola 68HC11 8-bit microcontroller with 2MHz speed RAM: 32KB battery-backed fixed RAM Scree n: 16Ãâ€"2 character LCD display unit Four 1A motors support 6 Servo motor controllers 9 Analog and 7 Digital inputs 16 Analog and 8 Digital outputs Infrared I/O capabilities Serial interface capacities Sound output 11cm x 8.5cm x 5.25 cm (L x W x H – with LCD screen, expansion board, and battery) Figure IIAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Meteorite or Puck Hunt: Autonomous Mobile Robot specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Handy Board manages Interactive C (IC). The Interactive C is a custom-made version of ANSI C programming language. Interactive C is the most widely held compiler software that is made use of with the Handy Board. In addition, the Interactive C software is a multi-tasking compiler; it has a user command line that is used for dynamic expression evaluation and compilation (Martin, 2001). The IC is sustained by the Kiss Institute for Practical Robotics (KIPR). The figure above (figure II ), demonstrates the running of the IC compiler on Windows XP. Procedure followed for programming the Handy Board using Interactive C Step 1: The Handy Board was connected to the computer using either the Serial Interface or the USB. Step 2: The wall adapter was then used to supply power to the Handy Board. Step 3: Afterwards, the Interactive C compiler software was launched on the computer. Step 4: The board was then initialized with firmware. This was achieved by holding Handy board in a unique bootstrap download mode and then clicking on the download firmware found on the tools menu of the IC compiler software.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Step 5: After completion of downloading the firmware, the Handy Board beeped, and the Interactive C welcome message appeared on the LCD screen of the Handy Board. This means that the Interactive C is now ready for use. After finishing configuring the system, we are now ready to write the necessary programs using Interactive C IDE software. Then later, we would compile it, and after that download it on to the Handy Board that will run that program. Sensors Each LEGO kit was supplied with the following sensors: Item Quantity Red LED 1 Blue LED 1 Phototransistor 4 Servo Motor 1 IR(Infra Red) Emitter/Detector 2 Micro switch 4 Combined Lego Motor Gearbox 4 Potentiometer 2 IR Range Finder (Sharp GP2D02) 1 Shaft Encoder 2 Table I Out of all these sensors, our interest and use will be limited to Combined Lego Motor Gearbox, Micro switch, Shaft Encoder, Phototransistor, LEDs, as well as IR Emitter/Detector. LED is the short form of a light-emitting diode. Just lik e the name suggests, an LED is basically a diode that gives off light. The difference between LEDs and other incandescent bulbs: LEDs are different from ordinary incandescent bulbs in the sense that they are short of a filament, which burns out. As a result, they do not get especially hot. They are solely lighted up by the motion of electrons in a semiconducting material. In addition, they could last as long as a typical transistor. Advantages: The use of LEDs endows the user with a number of advantages in comparison to the use of regular incandescent sources of light. Some of these advantages include enhanced robustness, lower consumption of energy, longer lifetime, greater durability, smaller size, improved reliability and faster switching (Jones, Flynn Seiger. 1999; Papert Harel, 1991). How LEDs work? Figure III When an LED is switched on, i.e. forward biased, electrons in the PN Junction are capable of recombining with the holes found within the device. As a result, energy is released in the form of photons. Consequently, the energy gap of the semiconductor has some bearing on the colour of the light, or the wavelength of the radiation. This is to mean that doping has some bearing on the wavelength of the Electromagnetic radiation which will be given off. In general, light-emitting diodes are usually made from substrates of Aluminium-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs). From Electromagnetic spectrum, the wavelength for red is normally between 620 and 750 nm, while that for blue is between 450 and 475 nm. In other words, Red LED and Blue LED means that their doping components are such that the emitted wavelengths range between 620 and 750 nm, and between 450 and 475 nm in that order. Figure IV LEDs have two major uses; visual indicators and light emitters. As visual indicators, they detect the presence of things. When used as light emitters, they are usually detected by other detectors, such as phototransistors and photodiodes. Interestingly, they can be used as narrow band light sensors. Here, they operate in the reverse-bias mode. They act in response to incident light as opposed to emitting light. Phototransistor: Figure V A phototransistor can be described as a transistor that operates differently from common transistors. Unlike common transistors, whose operation modes are under the control of the applied input voltage, the operation mode of the phototransistor is can be directed by light, or the wavelength of the light. The structure of a phototransistor varies from that of a common transistor, at least in two distinct ways; While the phototransistor has a transparent window that allows light to shine on the junctions, ordinary transistors do not have such windows. An ordinary transistor has more surface area than a phototransistor, hence is able to maximize the area of light capture. When the junction is struck by light photons, there is formation of a base current. As a result, the received power is converted into a collector cur rent by the phototransistor. The phototransistor that comes with the LEGO kit has its peak response at 850 nm and its spectral sensitivity is higher than 30 per cent for light radiation that ranges between 6oo nm and 900 nm. The achievement of different gain and frequency of operation (bandwidth) is dependent on the amplifiers, or circuits, formed with these phototransistors. The positive thing that is exhibited is that the frequency and gain response is reliant on the light and its wavelength. Infra Red (IR) Emitter/Detector: The infrared emitter or detector is a circuit that is created using LEDs and phototransistors (Martin, 1994). The purpose of the IR emitter/detector is either to give off or to detect infrared radiation. An extremely fundamental infra red emitter/detector circuit is shown and described below. Figure VI This custom made circuit has one disadvantage; the use of this custom made circuit means that the ambient infra red light would constrain its detecting devices (Martin, 1994). The IR emitter/Detector that came with the LEGO kit had its peak response at 940 nm, with peak sensitivity for about 880 nm wavelengths. The IR Emitter/Detector has found many uses in robotics; it can be used for colour detection, transmitters, motion detection, obstacle detection, and encoders. Shaft Encoder: Shaft encoders can also be referred to as rotary encoders. In essence, it is an electro-mechanical piece of equipment that translates the total amount of mechanical rotation, or angle, into a corresponding amount of current (Sutton Barto, 1998). As a result, knowledge in relation to the amount of current offers information regarding the amount of rotation of the shaft, or the wheel connected to the shaft. In general, there exists, two kinds of shaft or rotary encoders; Absolute shaft encoders These types of encoders are the ones that provide us with information regarding the complete angle of rotation of the shaft. The digital type of absolute shaft encode rs generates distinctive digital code for each different angle of the shaft. There exist two fundamental kinds of absolute digital rotary encoders. These are optical encoders and mechanical encoders. Incremental shaft encoders These types of rotary encoders are the ones that provide us with information regarding the angles or rotations with regard to their previous states. The angles of rotation that are provided by the shaft encoders are in coded form. The two available and most popular methods used for encoding are Gray encoding and standard binary encoding. It is worth noting that for all advanced jobs, which involve the rotation of the wheel, there must be a feedback mechanism that comes from the wheels. As a result, it is vital that the control program is aware of the extent to which the wheel would rotate to with the intention of either altering the speed of rotation of the different wheels, or simply making sure that the vehicle is motionless and no unknown force is acti ng on it. This is basically the reason why shaft encoders are employed. Micro switch: Figure VII A micro switch can also be referred to by its technical name, miniature snap-action switch. As implied by its name, the micro switch is a switch that calls for a comparatively miniature movement of the actuator button, with the intention of producing a relatively large amount of high velocity motion of the electrical contacts in spite of the speed of actuation. Micro switches are popular and their use is widespread. This is attributed to their relatively low cost, as well as high durability. They undergo more than one million cycles; for heavy duty models, this may go up to ten million cycles. There are many places and gadgets that require micro switches for proper functioning. Some of these areas include machinery, vehicles, industrial controls, appliances, and numerous other areas for control of electrical circuits. Some common but particular areas where micro switches are employed in clude the door interlock systems on microwave ovens, safety and levelling switches in elevators, detection of faults in photocopiers, such as paper jams, and vending machines. Miniature snap-action switches are frequently made use of in tamper switches on gate valves of fire sprinkler systems, in addition to other water piping systems. In this application, it is vital to be conscious of whether valve has been shut, or it is open. Combined Lego Motor Gearbox: Figure VIII There are DC motors that were provided in Lego kit. These motors are great for building robots in view of the fact that they are powerful and compact. They normally rotate at thousands of rotations per minute. Nevertheless, most electric motors are in actual fact lacking in torque. In other words, this can be attributed to the fact that they cannot push incredibly hard. If hooked directly up to the motor’s shaft, we can note that it can hardly rotate the wheel, let alone nudge a whole robot. Despite the fact that they have inadequate torque, what they do have in plenty, is speed. In reality, if the shaft is running freely, it can rotate at a rate of numerous thousands revolutions per minute. As a result, this speed is much faster than what one wants for a robot to drive in any case. Therefore, we could do with gearboxes with the intention of trading some of this unnecessary speed for additional torque. Figure IX The LEGO system is composed of a wide range of gears with varying functions (Brooks, 1986). On the other hand, for universal purposes, 8, 24, and 40-tooth gears can be employed. These are the easiest and most efficient to utilize of the group for the reason that their diameters are selected, such that they can be interlocked with one another at standard LEGO distances. Through gear reductions, one is able to translate speed into torque (or the other way round by application of this technique in reverse). Suppose an 8-tooth gear is employed in turning a 24-tooth gear. Given tha t the smaller gear is required to rotate three times in order to turn the large gear once, the axle with the 8-tooth gear spins faster than the other. As a result of this exchange for this reduction in speed, the axle is now able to apply three times as much torque. Consequently, this generates a gear reduction ratio of 3:1. This implies that we are relinquishing a factor of three of speed and swapping it over for production of three times the torque. Lego parts Figure X Each component of the LEGO has its work cut out for it (Overmars. 2000). A number of those components are available and are simply used to join two parts that are not able to be stick together with one another. A number of other parts, for instance rollers, are supposed to hook up the wheels with a few other parts of the robot with the intention of making the wheels move with mush ease. What is more, a number of parts are large in size, which could be utilized as the base of the robot; therefore, we could place man y parts on. In addition, they could be used to connect parts that are relatively far away in distance from each other. A good number of the components that we employed in the creation of our robot were the thick red bars and long red bars that assisted us in connection between the wheels. Into the bargain, we used the big bars that have a large area to make use of it as the base of our robot. Furthermore, we could include on those big bars with the broad areas handy board, the battery, and a number of small components that could furnish a better look to our robot. In addition, we made use of the linking parts to a large extent that is on grey to join the parts which we experienced a few difficulties in connecting them together. Assembly Part – (Name of team member who did this part) Grabbing Mechanism The hardest part of the whole project was finding a solution to the problem of grabbing flip over the puck. So as to come across a superior and realistic arm, we stumbled upon a possible like way out on the internet (Williamson, 1998). The ultimate form of the grabbing piece of equipment has two motors; the work of one of the motors was to spin the arm, while the other motor had to push the meteorite aside. Chassis The chassis had to have enough strong in order to give support to handy board, batteries, and all the other sensors that the robot needed. Figure XI Sensors (Name of team member who did this part) It is worth noting that sensors are the most significant components of the robot (â€Å"How to Make a Robot – Lesson 7: Using Sensors†, 2011). When robots have them, they are able to feel, look at and make out the disparity in their surroundings. To enable the robot to verify whether there existed a puck or meteorite in the vicinity of the loading area, we employed one blue led as well as one phototransistor. The purpose of the blue LED was to give off a light beam that would be used by the phototransistor. There are cases when the beam light would be broken; this means that a puck or meteorite is in the loading region. After verifying this and finding a puck in the region, the function of the second phototransistor was to verify the colour of the puck. Readings ranged from 50 to 185 for the red puck. On the other hand, readings were larger than 200 for blue puck. The function of the third phototransistor was to rummage around for the base light with the intention of finding a way back to the base. In case the indicated value was less than 10, this showed the correct direction to the base. An infra red (IR) emitter/detector was made use of with the purpose of determining the exact location of the base. In case the indicated value was higher than 236, then the location of the black line and subsequently, the location of the goal area was illustrated. In addition, the Infra red (IR) range finder was employed in the verification of the ultimate position of the goal area. Lastly, the 4 micro switches were used to †Å"feel† the obstacles as the robot moved around. Motors and the Motor drive mechanism As a result of restriction on the available materials and constituent parts of LEGO, the drive mechanism was made to order for two motors. Figure XII The steering mechanism of the robot was very heavy. The robot used big wheels at the front, and small ones at the rear. The option of making use of rear small wheels was attributed to minimising friction, as well as having a good manoeuvrability. The robot created had major strength; it was very robust. The robustness of the robot ensured that it continued to manoeuvre in every environment it was subjected to. Conclusion This project report has covered all the things the team worked on in the hope of producing a successful robot. In addition, the report also looked at the constituent parts that were used to create the robot, and how the team employed them with the aim of building a physically powerful and innovative robot that could not be easi ly damaged or broken. In addition to that, the project report offers a number of concise ideas in relation to the Interactive C (IC) program and the Handy board. The IC program was used to program the robot so that it could be able to perform the mission as the team wanted it to do. I believe that this activity was an extremely interesting experience. The fact that were could be responsible for creation of a robot that could do a fine job by holding a verifying, collecting and putting a puck in its rightful place as the required by the task. The only initial challenge we faced was the manner in which we could thrust the arms of the robot into the exact place, and how the team could make them turn. This was soon overcome and the team successfully completed the task. References Brooks. R.A. (1986) A robust layered control system for a mobile robot. IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation, RA-2:14–23. â€Å"How to Make a Robot – Lesson 7: Using Sensors.† (2011) [WW W] Go Robotics. Availalble from  https://www.robotshop.com/community/blog?page=1 . Jones, J.L., Flynn, A. M. and Seiger, B.A., 1999. Mobile Robots: Inspiration to Implementation. Massachusetts: A K Peters, Ltd. Martin, F.G., 2001. Robotic Explorations: a Hands-on Introduction to Engineering. Massachusetts: Prentice Hall. Martin, F.G.,1994. Circuits to Control: Learning Engineering by Designing LEGO Robots, doctoral dissertation, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. McKerrow, P.J., 1993. Introduction to Robotics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Overmars, M., 2000. Lego robots tips and tricks. [WWW] Web. Papert S. and Harel, I. eds.,1991. Constructionism. Westport, Conn.: Ablex. Sutton, R.S. and Barto, A.G.,1998. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. Williamson, B., 1998. The Lego: FetchBot. [WWW] Freelug. Available from  http://perso.freelug.org/benw/fetchbot/index.html . This report on Meteorite or Puck Hunt: Autonomous Mobile Robot was written and submitted by user 3-D Man to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.